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FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
The era of reform in nursing is marked by the work of the
British nurse, Florence Nightingale, during the Crimean War (1854-56). She
heard about the abominable manner in which the sick and wounded soldiers
were cared for by the British Army, and offered to take a group of 38 nurses
to the Crimea. For her service in Crimea she was given the Order of Merit by
the Queen of England. Defined nursing over 100 yrs ago as "the act of
utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery." She
considered a clean, well-ventilated, and quiet environment essential for
recovery. She raised the status of nursing through education. Nurses were no
longer untrained housekeepers, but people trained in the care of the sick.
She believed in prevention and in nursing the whole person. "Health means
being well and using one's powers to the fullest extent. Disease is a
reparative process nature institutes because of some want of attention."
"The goal of nursing is to put the patient in the best condition for nature
to act upon him, primarily by altering the environment. An article she wrote
entitled "Nursing the Sick" stated: "Nursing is, above all, a progressive
calling. Year by year nurses have to learn new and improved methods. Year by
year nurses are called upon to do more and better than they have done. It is
felt to be impossible to have a public register of nurses that is not a
delusion."
The first continuing education courses for nurses probably would be
considered postgraduate instruction today. Some have suggested the
Florence's flights into fantasy could better be described as neuroses.
Should this behavior have been changed, and by what methods? Following the
wake of her works, the first school of nursing opened in the U.S. by 1873.
By 1898 there were 400 schools with 10,000 graduates. The role of the nurse
and nursing impacts the health care delivery system more today than ever
before.
ISABEL HAMPTON ROBB
A young schoolteacher who decided to change her
profession and entered a Hospital Training School in New York. After that
she went to Rome for two years, and then she became superintendent of the
Illinois Training School at 26 yrs of age. Three years later she went to
Baltimore to organize a new school in connection with Johns Hopkins
Hospital. Among here many accomplishments was a nursing textbook, which
became the standard text for nursing schools in America.
DOROTHEA DIX
New England school teacher whose concerns for the
mentally ill lead to the construction of the state psychiatric institution
in Trenton, N.J. She was also appointed superintendent of women for the
Union Army.
LILLIAN WALD
Was one of the first to offer trained nursing services to
the poor in the New York slums. Her home among the poor on the upper floor
of a tenement is now famous as a center of public health nursing. Soon
after, school nursing was established as an adjunct to visiting nursing.
LINDA RICHARDS
America's first trained nurse. Campaigned for
improvements in nursing schools and nursing service. She is credited with
reforming nursing in 12 major hospitals, some of which were specialized
mental hospitals. She initiated training schools for students in mental
health nursing. Her programs included a period of training in general
hospitals. She also founded the first training school for nurses in Japan.
She worked some with Lillian Wald.
LYNDA HALL
Nurse theorist who influenced the concept of primary
nursing. Published "Core Care and Cure Model".
M. ADELAIDE NUTTING
Did one of the first nursing studies (1912) titled, "The
Educational Status of Nursing". The study investigated what and how students
were being taught and under what conditions they were living. This study
began to establish nursing as a profession and led to other studies. She was
in the first class at Johns Hopkins.
ISABELLE STEWART
Established a graduate program at Teacher's College.
Conducted a study, which lead to the development of a curriculum guide for
schools of nursing to be used by faculty for the improvement or nursing
schools.
MILDRED MONTAG
Published "Community College Education for Nursing" which
resulted in the creation of associate degree nursing education. The original
project included seven junior and community colleges and one hospital
school, located in six regions of the U.S. This type of nursing education
has expanded from only two schools in 1952 to over 800 in 1991. Montag
believed that most students would conclude their education at this point and
would not continue on to earn a baccalaureate degree.
MARTHA ROGERS
Nursing is an art and science that is humanistic and
humanitarian and directed toward the unitary human and is concerned with the
nature and direction of human development. Goal of nursing - achievement of
maximum health potential. Client - A unified whole processing integrity and
manifesting characteristics that are more than and different from the sum of
its parts; an organized patterned energy field that continually exchanges
matter and energy with the environmental energy field, resulting in
continuous repatterning. The human being has the capacity for abstraction
and imagery, language and thought, and sensation and emotion. Role of the
Nurse - To help clients develop patterns of living that accommodate
environmental changes rather than conflict with them. Source of Client
Difficulty - Unharmonious person-environment interactions that are
determined by social values. Intervention Focus - Coordinating environmental
field and human field rhythmicities. Modes of Intervention - Actions to
promote harmonious interaction between the client and environment, to
strengthen the integrity of the human field, and to direct and redirect
patterning of the human and environmental fields. Consequences of Nursing
Activity - Maximum health potential, unity and increasing complexity of
organization. Her theory of nursing represents a creative approach to
nursing.
LAVINIA DOCK
This leader was committed to women's rights. Worked with
Lillian Ward and Mary Brewster at the Henry Street Settlement, a community
health nursing service. Stated, “Absolute and unquestioning obedience must
be the foundation of the nurse's work, and to this end complete
subordination of the individual to the work as a whole is as necessary for
her as for the soldier."
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